Z662.1-03

1. Scope 1.1 ? The scope statement indicates which aspects and parts of pipeline systems and which service fluids are covered by the Standard. ? Carbon dioxide was added as a new service fluid in 1996. The definition of gas was changed in 1983 to accommodate the coverage of gaseous service fluids other than fuel gas and sour gas; however, until 1996, none had been added. ? The carbon dioxide pipelines that are covered are those onshore pipelines that are for use in enhanced oil recovery operations, involving the transportation of high-purity carbon dioxide from a suitable source to the injection site at an oil well. These pipelines were added to the Standard because it was considered that there had been sufficient experience with such an application to warrant their inclusion. Pure carbon dioxide is non-toxic and non-flammable; however, it has some specific characteristics that necessitated the addition of requirements specific to carbon dioxide pipeline systems. It should be noted that the definition of a carbon dioxide pipeline permits the service fluid in such a pipeline to be other than pure carbon dioxide, so additional special requirements may be appropriate. ? It should be noted that carbon dioxide might additionally be present in conventional pipelines as a component of a multiphase fluid or as a component of a fluid in a gas gathering system. For such fluids, the conventional requirements previously in place continue to be appropriate. 1.2 ? The parts of pipeline systems that are included in the scope are listed here, and the pictorial representations in Figures 1.1, 1.2, 11.1 to 11.5, and 12.1 are intended to augment the information stated in Clauses 1.2 and 1.3. The figures are schematic and are intended to convey broad functions rather than specific details. ? In 1999, a reference to equipment was added in Items a), c), and d) to recognize that Clause 5.1.1 contains a reference to equipment. 1.3 ? The parts of pipeline systems that are not included in the scope are listed here, along with a list of some related items that are beyond the defined limits of pipeline systems. Items that are within the defined limits of pipeline systems but are currently outside the scope of the Standard may be included in the scope in some future edition of the Standard, should the CSA Technical Committee on Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems and the Strategic Steering Committee on Oil and Gas Industry Systems and Materials deem that such additions to the scope are appropriate. ? In 1999, the previous reference to the design and fabrication of pressure vessels that are covered by appropriate pressure vessels codes was deleted from the list of items in order to recognize that some items within the scope of the Standard are required to be designed in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code or CSA B51. (See Clause 4.3.4, for example.) ? In 1999, a reference to abandoned piping (Item f) was added to the list of items in order to clarify that such piping is no longer part of the pipeline system and is therefore outside the scope of the Standard. ? In 1996, a reference to natural gas refuelling stations was added to the list of items. In 1999, this reference was modified to the more general term ?refuelling facilities? (Item n) in order to include underground fuel storage tanks as an item that is outside the scope of the Standard. ? In 1996, a reference to hydrocarbon storage in underground formations (Item o) was added to the list in order to acknowledge the publication of CSA Z341-93, which subsequently has been superseded by the 2002 edition referenced in Clause 2 of the Standard. 1.4 The requirements in the Standard are considered adequate under conditions normally encountered, and requirements for abnormal or unusual conditions are not necessarily specifically addressed. Although in some instances in the Standard the requirements are necessarily quite prescriptive, it is important to keep in mind that the Standard is not a design handbook and that the exercise of competent engineering judgment is necessary in using the Standard. The exercise of competent engineering judgment is intended to promote the use of more stringent requirements than are specified in the Standard, not to permit deviations from the prescribed requirements. 1.5 The design and construction requirements have been primarily developed with new pipelines and facilities in mind. Some practices that are practicable and reasonable during design and construction may not be practical for an existing pipeline. A case in point is the requirement to use piping that has proven notch toughness properties; the requirements in the Standard have been modified and generally made more stringent through the years, primarily to provide improved safety, but also to reflect technological improvements that have been made in the manufacturing processes used for pipe and components. Design requirements can be readily changed; however, the mechanical properties of inservice piping cannot. It is recognized that where upgrading involves the replacement of existing piping with new piping, what was not practical for the old piping is practicable for the new piping. Note that the terms ?practicable?, ?practical?, and ?impractical? are not defined in the Standard because the ordinary dictionary meanings are intended, whereby ?practicable? means capable of being effected or accomplished; ?practical? means adapted to actual conditions; and ?impractical? is the negative form of ?practical?. The term ?not practicable? is used in the Standard rather than the dictionary term ?impracticable? to indicate the negative form of ?practicable?. The similarity of the terms may lead to confusion for the reader unless the specific meanings are understood. 1.6 This is a new clause in the Standard that is intended to define the basis for the numerical rounding practices used throughout the Standard. 1.7 A requirement in the Standard cannot be superseded by a less restrictive requirement in a referenced publication. 1.8 Practices are not included in the Standard until they are generally accepted as being good practices. Accordingly, even new practices that are superior to established practices are not included in the Standard until the Technical Committee deems such new practices to be acceptable. It is not the intent of the Standard to prevent the development of new practices, and generally such practices would need to be approved for use by the regulatory authority having jurisdiction. 1.9 This is a new clause intended to clarify the intent and meaning of the words ?shall?, ?should?, ?permissible?, ?may?, etc., in the context of their use in this Standard. This clause also clarifies that notes associated with written clauses are not considered mandatory; however, notes associated with tables and figures are a mandatory part of the Standard. Figure 1.1 Scope Diagram ? Oil Industry Pipeline Systems Substantive changes were made in this figure in 1999: ? A solid box covering a pump station and/or pressure-regulating station was added to the figure upstream of the terminal refinery in order to emphasize that all pump stations and pressureregulating stations fall within the scope of the Standard, regardless of their geographical location in the pipeline system. ? A reference to associated pumps and compressors was added to the note to the figure to clarify that such pumps and compressors are outside the scope of the Standard if they are a part of a facility that is outside the scope of the Standard. This was intended to clarify that a facility does not become a pump station or a compressor station merely because a pump or compressor is present in the facility. ? A dashed box covering an underground formation was added to the figure in order to emphasize that although underground formations and their associated piping and equipment are outside the scope of the Standard, the piping that transports the service fluid to the first emergency shutdown or block valve at the underground formation is within the scope of the Standard. Figure 1.2 Scope Diagram ? Gas Industry Pipeline Systems Substantive changes were made in this figure in 1999: ? A solid box covering a compressor station was added to the figure upstream of the gas processing plant in order to emphasize that all compressor stations fall within the scope of the Standard, regardless of their geographical location in the pipeline system. ? A reference to associated pumps and compressors was added to the note to the figure to clarify that such pumps and compressors are outside the scope of the Standard if they are a part of a facility that is outside the scope of the Standard. This was intended to clarify that a facility does not become a pump station or a compressor station merely because a pump or compressor is present in the facility. ? A dashed box covering an underground formation was added to the figure in order to emphasize that although underground formations and their associated piping and equipment are outside the scope of the Standard, the piping that transports the service fluid to the first emergency shutdown or block valve at the underground formation is within the scope of the Standard.